Pesticides Alternatives

Permanent URI for this collection

https://open.fsc.org/handle/resource/1138

It is part of FSC’s Pest Management Policy to support derogation holders to phase out the use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). To do so, FSC has implemented a database in which interested stakeholders will find alternative strategies/practices/products that have previously been implemented by forest managers. These alternatives have been selected following the 3R principle: Reduction, Replacement, Removal with the ultimate objective of abandoning the use of HHPs.

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus and Insect (Amylostereum areolatum, Sirex wasp)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: New Zealand

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Alternative Strategy: A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with wood wasps of the genus Sirex. Control strategies therefore need to address both the fungus and they symbiotic wasp.The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (= Deladenus) siricidicola, discovered in New Zealand and later found in Europe lives in and feeds on A. areolatum colonies in trees and also infects Sirex larvae and female wasps. Because it has a separate cycle of growth and reproduction based on fungus feeding, it can cause a greater reduction in wasp numbers. The nematode can be raised in cultures of the fungus and injected into trees for effective control of the wasp (Bedding, 1995). B. siricidicola is currently under evaluation for use in the USA (Williams and Mastro, 2009.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Fungus, Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Trialled a reduction in the width of pre-plant weed control swathe from 2 m to 1.5 m or 1 m. Smaller swathe widths were found to give inferior weed control

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Competing woody weeds at year 1)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: On suitable sites (usually high rainfall locations) - oversow with grasses to out compete the emerging woody weeds then use lower chemical volume to control grass around the tree

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Megaplatypus mutatus, Ambrosia beetle)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: González Audino et al. (2005) identified the male M. mutatus sex pheromones, which are being tested with various traps to examine their efficacy at attracting females in the field. These would be useful in monitoring population peaks (OEPP/EPPO, 2009).

Alternative Method: Removal

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Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: New Zealand

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Alternative Strategy: an adjuvant operates by degrading the outer waxy cuticle on the surface of the leaf and therefore allow greater penetration of herbicide such as Glyphosate into the leaf foliage. The adjuvant will be most effective when dessicating some species that are known to be resistant to either Glyphosate or Metsulfuron because of an impenetrable (thick layer of wax) leaf surface. This has effectively replaced the use of Oxyflurfen.

Alternative Method: Replacement

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern America

Countries: Canada

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Alternative Strategy: Study the regeneration of Ontario Boreal Mixedwoods: Effects of Herbaceous Vegetation Control and Aspen Stem Density on Boreal Mixedwood Stand Development

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Ongoing research

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern America

Countries: Canada

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Alternative Strategy: Improved targetting of herbicide when applied with aircraft in a forestry application for conifer release and chemical site preparation

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Good management practice

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Heteronychus arator, African black beetle)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Using a mesh bag around the root ball and lower stem of the seedling at planting as a barrier to grazing insects 100% control was acheived at a lower cost.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Cultivation (ploughing): Site cultivation can improve growth conditions by disturbance of existing pest plants, cultivation of the soil and compaction relief. However it does not avoid herbicide use as cultivation also stimulates competing weed vegetation. Used in combination with an appropriate herbicide application, site cultivation can reduce the number of herbicide applications required.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Pueraria montana, Kudzu)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern America

Countries: United States of America

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Alternative Strategy: Boyette et al. (2001,2002) tested Myrothecium verrucaria, as a biological control agent for kudzu. The USDA-ARS biological control team showed that M. verrucaria applied at a high spore rate of 2x108 conidia/ml caused greater than 90% mortality of both young and old kudzu seedlings. They also determined that the disease severity increased with an increase in temperature to 30-40°C, suggesting that this mycoherbicide could be very active in the summer in the southern USA. The virulence of M. verrucaria against kudzu was increased in formulation with an organosilicon surfactant to cause 100% mortality of kudzu in the greenhouse and in the field 2 weeks after spraying at a rate of 2x107. As fungal activity requires the surfactant, the risk of the fungus spreading beyond the sprayed field is minimal.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Ireland

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Alternative Strategy: Stump removalIn 2012-2013 Coillte will investigate the extent to which stump removal impacts on Hylobius populations. Stump harvesting is currently being trialled in a number of European countries as a means of recovering biomass for fuel energy. It has been suggested that, as the removal of stumps reduces the availability of breeding sites for Hylobius, it may reduce Hylobius feeding damage on restocking sites (Egnell et al., 2007). Even if this is the case, stump harvesting could only ever be used on a small number of sites, given the potential environmental risks associated with harvesting stumps on unsuitable/nutrient poor sites (Moffatt et al., 2011).

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Heterobasidion annosum)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: United Kingdom

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Alternative Strategy: The adoption by the Forestry Commission in the 1960s of the non-pathogenic wood-rotting fungus Phlebiopsis (previously Peniophora) gigantea, now used under the name 'PG Suspension', for the treatment of pine stumps to prevent colonisation by Heterobasidion annosum, was a pioneering move that has been followed by other countries

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Fungus

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Sweden

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Alternative Strategy: Combining a shelterwood system with scarification and feeding barriers, the mortality of spruce seedlings due to pine weevil could be reduced to below 10% in Sweden (Petersson 2004).7

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern America

Countries: Canada

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Alternative Strategy: Study how large quick growing conifer planting stock will naturally compete with onsite vegetation without herbicides

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds at second rotation)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: On second rotations sites weed control begins prior to final harvesting with the aim of removing woody weeds and reducing weed seed loadings before site preparation commences. Under canopy treatment is standard practice which significantly reduces the potential for off site chemical

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Animal (Mus musculus, Microtus, Mouse, Vole)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Plastic tree guards protect young trees from mice/voles and other wildlife (such as deer). Spiral guards (20- to 30 cm high) or split plastic tubes can be fitted around the stem of the young trees. The spiral guards must be wound between branches and it is important to ensure that no gaps are left between the spirals. Alternatively, short conical plastic shelters (covers) can be pushed into the soil around the stem (to a minimum depth of 5 cm). In Britain, spiral guards and split tube guards reduced damage by 90% (Aldhous 1999). This method may be suitable for smaller areas with very vulnerable tree species.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Animal

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Ireland

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Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing FungusMetarhizium was not effective enough at it's current dose. More work (nematodes & fungi) runs 2010-2013

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Ongoing research

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Coppice (Stumps coppice vigorously post harvesting and compete with subsequent crops where a coppice crop is not being managed, control previously resulted in high herbicide use rates, operator exposure to herbicide and non target application of herbicide)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Apply herbicide through the saw bar at harvest, reduces chemical use (only glyphosate used, no metsulfuron methyl or pulse adjuvant required), reduced operator exposure to herbicide and reduced non-target impact

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Coppice

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Agrilus planipennis, Emerald ash borer)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: The fungus Beauveria bassiana has been found to be highly virulent against A. planipennis, and demonstrated lethal effects in greenhouse and field trials when applied on emerging adults and larvae (Liu and Bauer, 2008a). Foliar and trunk applications in the field were also able to significantly reduce populations of A. planipennis both at newly colonised ash sites and at sites with established pest populations (Liu and Bauer, 2008b).

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Ireland

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Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing nematodes have been used for decades in horticulture, but their use in forestry is relatively new. In small-scale trials, when nematodes were applied to stumps 12-24 months after felling, the number of adult H. abietis emerging from nematode-treated stumps was significantly reduced (Dillon et al., 2006, 2007). Based on those, and other trials, the recommended rate of application for pine weevil control is 3.5 million nematodes per stump, applied in 0.5 L of water.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Insect

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