Pesticides Alternatives

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https://open.fsc.org/handle/resource/1138

It is part of FSC’s Pest Management Policy to support derogation holders to phase out the use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). To do so, FSC has implemented a database in which interested stakeholders will find alternative strategies/practices/products that have previously been implemented by forest managers. These alternatives have been selected following the 3R principle: Reduction, Replacement, Removal with the ultimate objective of abandoning the use of HHPs.

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Coppice (Stumps coppice vigorously post harvesting and compete with subsequent crops where a coppice crop is not being managed, control previously resulted in high herbicide use rates, operator exposure to herbicide and non target application of herbicide)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Apply herbicide through the saw bar at harvest, reduces chemical use (only glyphosate used, no metsulfuron methyl or pulse adjuvant required), reduced operator exposure to herbicide and reduced non-target impact

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Coppice

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Disease

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: United Kingdom

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Alternative Strategy: Mixtures can be used to provide an insurance when the risk of disease is not clear, e.g. it is recommended that wild cherry (Prunus avium) forms no more than 10% of any new or restocked woodland because of the risk of it succumbing to bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv.Morsprunorum). In some situations mixtures can effectively delay or reduce the build-up of a pest within a plantation, for example the use of a mixed beech/conifer plantation can reduce the impact of beech bark disease. However, it must be recognised that there are some disadvantages to mixtures in terms of ease of management and productivity.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Disease

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Heterobasidion annosum)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: United Kingdom

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Alternative Strategy: The adoption by the Forestry Commission in the 1960s of the non-pathogenic wood-rotting fungus Phlebiopsis (previously Peniophora) gigantea, now used under the name 'PG Suspension', for the treatment of pine stumps to prevent colonisation by Heterobasidion annosum, was a pioneering move that has been followed by other countries

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Fungus

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Swiss blight pest)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Central America, Latin America and the Caribbean

Countries: Mexico

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Alternative Strategy: Researched strategies include mixing christmas tree species that are not susceptible to Swiss Blight attack, such as Pinus ayacahuite and Abies religiosa,• alter the plantation diversity by cultivating trees of different ages.• In the long-term allow genetic control in order to get hardy plants which are robust to attack from Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii fungus,• testing fungi that may be antagonistic to Swiss Blight, or using less toxic chemicals than chlorothalonil.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Cultivation practice

Pest Type: Fungus

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (At establishment various insect pests can cause damage to seedlings and growing trees and require a chemcial control)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: There seems to be a relationship between phosphate levels in soils and insect pests whereby phosphate deficient soils often have problems with insect attack on trees whereas phospoate rich soils seem to hardly ever need treating. By factoring this into site selection or soil fertilisation stragies it seems possible to forgoe chemcial intervention for insect attack. Although the correlation noticed is 100% this has not been properly verrified with trial work.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Ongoing research

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Atta sexdens, Leafcutter ant)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Extracts from the following plants were toxic to leaf-cutting ants or inhibited the symbiotic fungus: Ateleia glazioviana / Timbó, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosem brasilianum, Citrus sinensis, Helietta puberula, Hymenaea courbaril / Jatoba, Ipomea batata, Manihot esculenta / manipueira, Myroxylon peruiferum / cabreúva, Pilocarpus grandiflorus, Piper cenocladum, Raulinoa echinata, Ricinus communis, and Sesamum indicum. E.g. manipueira is approved for ant control and is toxic to various insects (Magalhães et al 2000; Sebrae 2008). Limonexic acid, an extract from Raulinoa echinata, was highly toxic to leaf-cutting ants and reduced their life-span considerably (Biavatti et al 2005).

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Atta sexdens, Leafcutter ant)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Botanical insecticides are natural products derived from plants. Extracts of powdered sesame leaves controlled lemon leafcutter ants (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) satisfactorily after 90 days, mortality was >75% (Peres Filho & Dorval 2003).

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Costalimeita ferruginea, Yellow beetle)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is a bacterial insecticide (biopesticide). Subspecies of B.t. control certain types of pest insect effectively. Commercial products for control of lepidopteran defoliating insects are usually based on Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, or Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Van Driesche et al 2008). Using B. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki is a suitable method for controlling Thyrinteina arnobia if predatory and parasitic insects are to be preseserved. B.t. is equally effective as insecticides (Pereira 2007). For the integrated management of Thyrinteina, its occurrence and population densities need to be monitored. Biopesticides based on B. thuringiensis are only effective when applied to larval stages of pest insects at appropriate times. B.t. can be combined with a chemical insecticide (Zanuncio et al 1992). But if applied in time B.t. is effective on its own.A combination of Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA) and Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis increased mortality of Colorodo beetle larvae (Coleoptera) synergistically (Wraight & Ramos 2005), This approach of combining B.t. and Beauveria bassiana merits to be tested also on Costalimaita.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Eucosma sonomana, Rhyacionia bushnelli, Western pine shoot borer, Western pine tip moth)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern America

Countries: United States of America

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Alternative Strategy: The technology involves using a miniscule (less than one ounce per acre) amount of permethrin combined with a species-specific pheromone attractant to specifically target a given insect pest.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Sweden

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Alternative Strategy: Combining a shelterwood system with scarification and feeding barriers, the mortality of spruce seedlings due to pine weevil could be reduced to below 10% in Sweden (Petersson 2004).7

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Sweden

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Alternative Strategy: A new method for the physical protection of conifer seedlings against feeding damage by Hylobius abietis, is described and evaluated in field trials in Swedish forest plantations Nordlander et al (2009)5. A mixture of fine sand and a 'glue' dispersion is used to protect the seedlings:The lower 60% of the stem of the seedling is protected by the Conniflex coating, consisting of fine sand (grain size = 0.2 mm) embedded in an acrylate dispersion that remains flexible after drying.Seedlings are treated in the nursery by a large-scale application procedure involving four steps: (i) spraying the seedlings with water; (ii) application of fixative to the lower sections of the stems, (iii) application of fine sand to the fixative; and (iv) drying of the fixative.A field experiment over three seasons demonstrated a significant increase in survival.for coated seedlings compared with untreated seedlings. The survival rate increased from 29% to 97% for Scots pine and from 26% to 86% for Norway spruce. Coating the lower 30% of the stem (instead of 60%) provided inferior protection, resulting in only 64% survival in spruce.Field trials in 11 commercial plantation areas indicated that the Conniflex sand coating was as effective in protecting seedlings as treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid.The new method of coating conifer seedlings with fine sand provides an effective and environmentally sound alternative to insecticide treatment.Successful protection was also showed using wax coating (Watson 1999)6, and latex coating (Shtykova et al. 2008)7.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Ips typographus, Eight-toothed spruce bark beetle)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: United Kingdom

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Alternative Strategy: Behaviour-modifying chemicals – particularly sex attractant pheromones, bark beetle attractants and host tree volatiles – can be used both to monitor pest populations and to prevent or divert attacks.Bark beetles, especially in the genus Ips, produce attractant chemicals, derived partially from thehost tree itself, to alert other beetles to the presence of suitable host material. These chemicalshave been identified and synthesised and many are available commercially. Ips typographus, theEuropean eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, is potentially one of the most dangerous pests ofspruce in Europe and is not yet present in Britain. Pheromone traps, baited with the I. typographusattractant, have been deployed at ports and wood processing yards for a number of years and haveallowed plant health inspectors to respond to infringements of import regulations. Other possibleuses of pheromones are to disrupt successful mating through saturation of the atmosphere so thatmales are unable to locate females within the general pheromone atmosphere. Alternativetechniques, such as target technology, can be used to attract pests to a source impregnated withinsecticides or microbial agents so that the pests can be killed without broadcast sprays of insecticide.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Spruce budworm, Gypsy moth, Nun moth, Pine beauty moth, European pine sawfly)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: United Kingdom

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Alternative Strategy: Use of pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, both directly within spray programmes and indirectly by manipulating populations of the pathogen, can result in regulation of pest populations with little or no impact on non-target organisms. There are few examples of microbial pesticides currently approved for use in British forestry. However, the bacterial agent Bacillus thuringiensis has been used successfully against many of the most serious lepidopteran defoliators globally. Particular success has been achieved against spruce budworm in North America and against gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and nun moth (Lymantria monacha) in western and central Europe. Viral agents offer the highest levels of specificity and are often instrumental in the natural decline of populations of forest insects, many of which are pests. The potential use of baculoviruses against pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) is described under the specific examples section (page 31). Successful control of European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) in young pine plantations was achieved with its specific baculovirus, registered as Virox, but this effective and selective control agent is no longer available since the registration has lapsed, due to the demise of the company distributing the virus.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Thecodiplosis japonensis, Pine gall midge)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Asia, Eastern Asia

Countries: Korea, Republic of

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Alternative Strategy: Adhesive sprays were tested for reducing populations of T. japonensis. A combination (known as C-4) of 70% castor oil, 25% damar resin and 5% carnauba wax remained sticky and toxic to gall midges for a long period. The rate of gall formation on treated trees was 32.8-59.4%, compared with 97.13% gall formation on untreated trees (Woo and Shim, 1979)

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Thyrinteina arnobia, Eucalyptus brown looper)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps are predators of lepidopteran defoliating insects, especially of eucalyptus brown looper Thyrinteina arnobia. Natural enemies can be promoted by reducing weed control (retaining weeds between trees) and preserving natural forests on part of the managed area (appropriate to scale of the plantation). Regulation of lepidopteran defoliators (such as Euselasia apisaon) is enhanced where fragments of natural vegetation are present, e.g. through increased predation parasitoid wasps (Murta el al 2008; Zanuncio et al 2009)

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Pine wildlings (Competing pine wildlings)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Physical weed control - Chopper rolling prior to planting - manual removal of wildlings

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Pine wildlings

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Pine wildlings (Competing pine wildlings)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Chopper rolling prior to planting

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Pine wildlings

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Cultivation (ploughing): Site cultivation can improve growth conditions by disturbance of existing pest plants, cultivation of the soil and compaction relief. However it does not avoid herbicide use as cultivation also stimulates competing weed vegetation. Used in combination with an appropriate herbicide application, site cultivation can reduce the number of herbicide applications required.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: Together with the Site Management Research Co-op, certificate holders optimised area and duration of spot treatment of weeds in radiata pine. A decision support for weed management during establishment is available („V-MAN‟). Future Forests Research supports research on management of radiata pine or diverse species

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Cultivation practice

Pest Type: Weed

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: The active ingerdient is derived from the bottlebrush plant and its active ingedients are mesotrione (48%) and ethylene glycol (14%). This will reduce Terbuthylazine active ingredient by up to 50% over normal rates. There are also trails in Australia on Bluegums as a replacement for Simazine.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Weed

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