Pesticides Alternatives

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https://open.fsc.org/handle/resource/1138
It is part of FSC’s Pest Management Policy to support derogation holders to phase out the use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). To do so, FSC has implemented a database in which interested stakeholders will find alternative strategies/practices/products that have previously been implemented by forest managers. These alternatives have been selected following the 3R principle: Reduction, Replacement, Removal with the ultimate objective of abandoning the use of HHPs.

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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Stump removalIn 2012-2013 Coillte will investigate the extent to which stump removal impacts on Hylobius populations. Stump harvesting is currently being trialled in a number of European countries as a means of recovering biomass for fuel energy. It has been suggested that, as the removal of stumps reduces the availability of breeding sites for Hylobius, it may reduce Hylobius feeding damage on restocking sites (Egnell et al., 2007). Even if this is the case, stump harvesting could only ever be used on a small number of sites, given the potential environmental risks associated with harvesting stumps on unsuitable/nutrient poor sites (Moffatt et al., 2011).
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Heterobasidion annosum)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: The adoption by the Forestry Commission in the 1960s of the non-pathogenic wood-rotting fungus Phlebiopsis (previously Peniophora) gigantea, now used under the name 'PG Suspension', for the treatment of pine stumps to prevent colonisation by Heterobasidion annosum, was a pioneering move that has been followed by other countries
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Sweden
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    Alternative Strategy: Combining a shelterwood system with scarification and feeding barriers, the mortality of spruce seedlings due to pine weevil could be reduced to below 10% in Sweden (Petersson 2004).7
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing FungusMetarhizium was not effective enough at it's current dose. More work (nematodes & fungi) runs 2010-2013
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing nematodes have been used for decades in horticulture, but their use in forestry is relatively new. In small-scale trials, when nematodes were applied to stumps 12-24 months after felling, the number of adult H. abietis emerging from nematode-treated stumps was significantly reduced (Dillon et al., 2006, 2007). Based on those, and other trials, the recommended rate of application for pine weevil control is 3.5 million nematodes per stump, applied in 0.5 L of water.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Sweden
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    Alternative Strategy: A new method for the physical protection of conifer seedlings against feeding damage by Hylobius abietis, is described and evaluated in field trials in Swedish forest plantations Nordlander et al (2009)5. A mixture of fine sand and a 'glue' dispersion is used to protect the seedlings:The lower 60% of the stem of the seedling is protected by the Conniflex coating, consisting of fine sand (grain size = 0.2 mm) embedded in an acrylate dispersion that remains flexible after drying.Seedlings are treated in the nursery by a large-scale application procedure involving four steps: (i) spraying the seedlings with water; (ii) application of fixative to the lower sections of the stems, (iii) application of fine sand to the fixative; and (iv) drying of the fixative.A field experiment over three seasons demonstrated a significant increase in survival.for coated seedlings compared with untreated seedlings. The survival rate increased from 29% to 97% for Scots pine and from 26% to 86% for Norway spruce. Coating the lower 30% of the stem (instead of 60%) provided inferior protection, resulting in only 64% survival in spruce.Field trials in 11 commercial plantation areas indicated that the Conniflex sand coating was as effective in protecting seedlings as treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid.The new method of coating conifer seedlings with fine sand provides an effective and environmentally sound alternative to insecticide treatment.Successful protection was also showed using wax coating (Watson 1999)6, and latex coating (Shtykova et al. 2008)7.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Sweden
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    Alternative Strategy: Breeding parasite resistance in Populus. Enhancing the defence of conifer seedlings Emission of volatiles from conifer seedlings. The aim is to identify attractants and repellents for the pine weevil.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Ips typographus, Eight-toothed spruce bark beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Behaviour-modifying chemicals – particularly sex attractant pheromones, bark beetle attractants and host tree volatiles – can be used both to monitor pest populations and to prevent or divert attacks.Bark beetles, especially in the genus Ips, produce attractant chemicals, derived partially from thehost tree itself, to alert other beetles to the presence of suitable host material. These chemicalshave been identified and synthesised and many are available commercially. Ips typographus, theEuropean eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, is potentially one of the most dangerous pests ofspruce in Europe and is not yet present in Britain. Pheromone traps, baited with the I. typographusattractant, have been deployed at ports and wood processing yards for a number of years and haveallowed plant health inspectors to respond to infringements of import regulations. Other possibleuses of pheromones are to disrupt successful mating through saturation of the atmosphere so thatmales are unable to locate females within the general pheromone atmosphere. Alternativetechniques, such as target technology, can be used to attract pests to a source impregnated withinsecticides or microbial agents so that the pests can be killed without broadcast sprays of insecticide.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Disease
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Mixtures can be used to provide an insurance when the risk of disease is not clear, e.g. it is recommended that wild cherry (Prunus avium) forms no more than 10% of any new or restocked woodland because of the risk of it succumbing to bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv.Morsprunorum). In some situations mixtures can effectively delay or reduce the build-up of a pest within a plantation, for example the use of a mixed beech/conifer plantation can reduce the impact of beech bark disease. However, it must be recognised that there are some disadvantages to mixtures in terms of ease of management and productivity.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Disease
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Fallowing Might be an option on upland sites where competing vegetation is not a major issue. As weevils only emerge from stumps for the first 4-5 years after felling, one obvious option would be to delay replanting until the number of emerging weevils falls below economically damaging levels.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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