Pesticides Alternatives

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https://open.fsc.org/handle/resource/1138
It is part of FSC’s Pest Management Policy to support derogation holders to phase out the use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). To do so, FSC has implemented a database in which interested stakeholders will find alternative strategies/practices/products that have previously been implemented by forest managers. These alternatives have been selected following the 3R principle: Reduction, Replacement, Removal with the ultimate objective of abandoning the use of HHPs.

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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus and Insect (Amylostereum areolatum, Sirex wasp)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with wood wasps of the genus Sirex. Control strategies therefore need to address both the fungus and they symbiotic wasp.The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (= Deladenus) siricidicola, discovered in New Zealand and later found in Europe lives in and feeds on A. areolatum colonies in trees and also infects Sirex larvae and female wasps. Because it has a separate cycle of growth and reproduction based on fungus feeding, it can cause a greater reduction in wasp numbers. The nematode can be raised in cultures of the fungus and injected into trees for effective control of the wasp (Bedding, 1995). B. siricidicola is currently under evaluation for use in the USA (Williams and Mastro, 2009.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus, Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Trialled a reduction in the width of pre-plant weed control swathe from 2 m to 1.5 m or 1 m. Smaller swathe widths were found to give inferior weed control
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Competing woody weeds at year 1)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: On suitable sites (usually high rainfall locations) - oversow with grasses to out compete the emerging woody weeds then use lower chemical volume to control grass around the tree
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: an adjuvant operates by degrading the outer waxy cuticle on the surface of the leaf and therefore allow greater penetration of herbicide such as Glyphosate into the leaf foliage. The adjuvant will be most effective when dessicating some species that are known to be resistant to either Glyphosate or Metsulfuron because of an impenetrable (thick layer of wax) leaf surface. This has effectively replaced the use of Oxyflurfen.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Heteronychus arator, African black beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Using a mesh bag around the root ball and lower stem of the seedling at planting as a barrier to grazing insects 100% control was acheived at a lower cost.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds at second rotation)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: On second rotations sites weed control begins prior to final harvesting with the aim of removing woody weeds and reducing weed seed loadings before site preparation commences. Under canopy treatment is standard practice which significantly reduces the potential for off site chemical
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Coppice (Stumps coppice vigorously post harvesting and compete with subsequent crops where a coppice crop is not being managed, control previously resulted in high herbicide use rates, operator exposure to herbicide and non target application of herbicide)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Apply herbicide through the saw bar at harvest, reduces chemical use (only glyphosate used, no metsulfuron methyl or pulse adjuvant required), reduced operator exposure to herbicide and reduced non-target impact
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Coppice
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction, Removal of Weed
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Elders Forestry has piloted a system of taking harvest residues deposited at harvest landings after in field chip operations and mulching and re-distributing them across the site to provide a mulched layer which returns nutrients in harvest residues back to the site. This will dramatically reduce the fertiliser requirements for 2R plantations which currently require large inputs of chemical fertiliser to remain productive.
    Alternative Method: Reduction, Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: A pre-emergent screening trial on second rotation sites to test efficacy of traditional first rotation herbicide prescriptions found the most effective prescription was the combination of simazine and mesotrione which allows for a 50% reduction in the use of simazine and give superior control of the predominantly broadleaved weeds found on 2R sites. Eucmix, containing no simazine also gave good control but is not suitable for all soil types.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Trialled 'scalping' physical removal of suface 10 cm of soil for 50 cm on either side of the planting line as an alternative to chemical weed control. Weeds encroached rapidly from unscalped edges, in some areas resluted in erosion, restricited growth due to removal of surface organic layer containing most soil available nutrients
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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