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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Europe
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    Alternative Strategy: Entomopathogenic nematodes are being applied to tree stumps on coniferous clearfell sites in Europe for inundative biological control of the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis; Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major forestry pest. We investigated the risk that two nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), present to longhorn beetle Rhagium bifasciatum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a service-providing, non-target saproxylic insect on clearfell sites. On six clearfell sites sampled one to twelve months after S. carpocapsae had been inundatively applied to tree stumps for suppression of pine weevil, <10% of deadwood logs contained infected R. bifasciatum and <4% of 1989 R. bifasciatum individuals in logs were infected. Infection was recorded a year after nematodes had been applied, however, suggesting that nematodes were recycling within logs in the field. Incidence of R. bifasciatum infection decreased significantly with increasing distance between a log and the nearest treated tree stump. Thus, our results indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes can infect and recycle in R. bifasciatum, but that the risk to this and other saproxylic non-target insects is limited by the targeted application of nematodes to tree stumps.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Dendroctonus micans, Great spruce bark beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Another successful example of biological control has been the rearing and release of the imported predatory beetle Rhizophagus grandis to control the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Spruce budworm, Gypsy moth, Nun moth, Pine beauty moth, European pine sawfly)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Use of pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, both directly within spray programmes and indirectly by manipulating populations of the pathogen, can result in regulation of pest populations with little or no impact on non-target organisms. There are few examples of microbial pesticides currently approved for use in British forestry. However, the bacterial agent Bacillus thuringiensis has been used successfully against many of the most serious lepidopteran defoliators globally. Particular success has been achieved against spruce budworm in North America and against gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and nun moth (Lymantria monacha) in western and central Europe. Viral agents offer the highest levels of specificity and are often instrumental in the natural decline of populations of forest insects, many of which are pests. The potential use of baculoviruses against pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) is described under the specific examples section (page 31). Successful control of European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) in young pine plantations was achieved with its specific baculovirus, registered as Virox, but this effective and selective control agent is no longer available since the registration has lapsed, due to the demise of the company distributing the virus.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing FungusMetarhizium was not effective enough at it's current dose. More work (nematodes & fungi) runs 2010-2013
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Fallowing Might be an option on upland sites where competing vegetation is not a major issue. As weevils only emerge from stumps for the first 4-5 years after felling, one obvious option would be to delay replanting until the number of emerging weevils falls below economically damaging levels.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Ips typographus, Eight-toothed spruce bark beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Behaviour-modifying chemicals – particularly sex attractant pheromones, bark beetle attractants and host tree volatiles – can be used both to monitor pest populations and to prevent or divert attacks.Bark beetles, especially in the genus Ips, produce attractant chemicals, derived partially from thehost tree itself, to alert other beetles to the presence of suitable host material. These chemicalshave been identified and synthesised and many are available commercially. Ips typographus, theEuropean eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, is potentially one of the most dangerous pests ofspruce in Europe and is not yet present in Britain. Pheromone traps, baited with the I. typographusattractant, have been deployed at ports and wood processing yards for a number of years and haveallowed plant health inspectors to respond to infringements of import regulations. Other possibleuses of pheromones are to disrupt successful mating through saturation of the atmosphere so thatmales are unable to locate females within the general pheromone atmosphere. Alternativetechniques, such as target technology, can be used to attract pests to a source impregnated withinsecticides or microbial agents so that the pests can be killed without broadcast sprays of insecticide.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Disease
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Mixtures can be used to provide an insurance when the risk of disease is not clear, e.g. it is recommended that wild cherry (Prunus avium) forms no more than 10% of any new or restocked woodland because of the risk of it succumbing to bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv.Morsprunorum). In some situations mixtures can effectively delay or reduce the build-up of a pest within a plantation, for example the use of a mixed beech/conifer plantation can reduce the impact of beech bark disease. However, it must be recognised that there are some disadvantages to mixtures in terms of ease of management and productivity.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Disease
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Heterobasidion annosum)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: The adoption by the Forestry Commission in the 1960s of the non-pathogenic wood-rotting fungus Phlebiopsis (previously Peniophora) gigantea, now used under the name 'PG Suspension', for the treatment of pine stumps to prevent colonisation by Heterobasidion annosum, was a pioneering move that has been followed by other countries
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus (Crumenulopsis sororia, Cup fungus)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
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    Alternative Strategy: apothecia-forming ascomycete (cup fungus) that causes cankers in the bark and wood of Pinus species in Europe Disease occurs more frequently, but not exclusively, in plantations affected by poor soil structure, inadequate drainage, and low fertility, or by damage due to exposure. Such sites should be avoided or conditions ameliorated before and after planting.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Sweden
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    Alternative Strategy: Combining a shelterwood system with scarification and feeding barriers, the mortality of spruce seedlings due to pine weevil could be reduced to below 10% in Sweden (Petersson 2004).7
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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