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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus and Insect (Amylostereum areolatum, Sirex wasp)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with wood wasps of the genus Sirex. Control strategies therefore need to address both the fungus and they symbiotic wasp.The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (= Deladenus) siricidicola, discovered in New Zealand and later found in Europe lives in and feeds on A. areolatum colonies in trees and also infects Sirex larvae and female wasps. Because it has a separate cycle of growth and reproduction based on fungus feeding, it can cause a greater reduction in wasp numbers. The nematode can be raised in cultures of the fungus and injected into trees for effective control of the wasp (Bedding, 1995). B. siricidicola is currently under evaluation for use in the USA (Williams and Mastro, 2009.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus, Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Heterobasidion annosum)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: The adoption by the Forestry Commission in the 1960s of the non-pathogenic wood-rotting fungus Phlebiopsis (previously Peniophora) gigantea, now used under the name 'PG Suspension', for the treatment of pine stumps to prevent colonisation by Heterobasidion annosum, was a pioneering move that has been followed by other countries
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus (Ceratocystis fagacearum, Oak wilt)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: This guide is designed to provide information for landowners, managers and loggers on the relationship between the risk of introduction of oak wilt (caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum) and the timing of any activities that may wound oaks or leave oak stumps. This guide also provides information on the relationship between various site and stand factors and the expected level of disease impact
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus (Cronartium flaccidum, Scots pine blister rust)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: The hyperparasite Cladosporium tenuissimum is proposed by Moricca et al. (2001) as a possible means of control for stem rust. The aeciospores are directly penetrated and parasitized by the conidial fungus. Tests on two-year-old pine seedlings in the greenhouse showed that treatment with the parasite prevented new rust infections by an average of 42%.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus (Crumenulopsis sororia, Cup fungus)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Europe
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    Alternative Strategy: apothecia-forming ascomycete (cup fungus) that causes cankers in the bark and wood of Pinus species in Europe Disease occurs more frequently, but not exclusively, in plantations affected by poor soil structure, inadequate drainage, and low fertility, or by damage due to exposure. Such sites should be avoided or conditions ameliorated before and after planting.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Fungus (Heterobasidion, Root rot fungi)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Europe
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    Alternative Strategy: To prevent infection by the root rot fungi Heterobasidion spp., surfaces of freshly cut Picea abies stumps are sprayed with Rotstop biocontrol agent, which constitutes a spore suspension of a single genotype of the competitive fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea. The pathogen, Heterobasidion spp., was the only basidiomycete with a significantly reduced incidence in Rotstop-treated stumps.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Swiss blight pest)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Central America, Latin America and the Caribbean
    Countries: Mexico
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    Alternative Strategy: Researched strategies include mixing christmas tree species that are not susceptible to Swiss Blight attack, such as Pinus ayacahuite and Abies religiosa,• alter the plantation diversity by cultivating trees of different ages.• In the long-term allow genetic control in order to get hardy plants which are robust to attack from Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii fungus,• testing fungi that may be antagonistic to Swiss Blight, or using less toxic chemicals than chlorothalonil.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Cultivation practice
    Pest Type: Fungus
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