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Certification Body Resources (Login Required)
A dedicated library of useful information and resources for FSC Accredited Certification bodies

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Forest For The Future - Podcasts
How innovation in FSC can help save our forests
Pesticides Alternatives
A database of alternative strategies/practises/products to support derogation holders to phase out use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPS)

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus and Insect (Amylostereum areolatum, Sirex wasp)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: New Zealand

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Alternative Strategy: A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with wood wasps of the genus Sirex. Control strategies therefore need to address both the fungus and they symbiotic wasp.The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (= Deladenus) siricidicola, discovered in New Zealand and later found in Europe lives in and feeds on A. areolatum colonies in trees and also infects Sirex larvae and female wasps. Because it has a separate cycle of growth and reproduction based on fungus feeding, it can cause a greater reduction in wasp numbers. The nematode can be raised in cultures of the fungus and injected into trees for effective control of the wasp (Bedding, 1995). B. siricidicola is currently under evaluation for use in the USA (Williams and Mastro, 2009.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Fungus, Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Megaplatypus mutatus, Ambrosia beetle)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: González Audino et al. (2005) identified the male M. mutatus sex pheromones, which are being tested with various traps to examine their efficacy at attracting females in the field. These would be useful in monitoring population peaks (OEPP/EPPO, 2009).

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Heteronychus arator, African black beetle)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania

Countries: Australia

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Alternative Strategy: Using a mesh bag around the root ball and lower stem of the seedling at planting as a barrier to grazing insects 100% control was acheived at a lower cost.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Ireland

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Alternative Strategy: Stump removalIn 2012-2013 Coillte will investigate the extent to which stump removal impacts on Hylobius populations. Stump harvesting is currently being trialled in a number of European countries as a means of recovering biomass for fuel energy. It has been suggested that, as the removal of stumps reduces the availability of breeding sites for Hylobius, it may reduce Hylobius feeding damage on restocking sites (Egnell et al., 2007). Even if this is the case, stump harvesting could only ever be used on a small number of sites, given the potential environmental risks associated with harvesting stumps on unsuitable/nutrient poor sites (Moffatt et al., 2011).

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Sweden

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Alternative Strategy: Combining a shelterwood system with scarification and feeding barriers, the mortality of spruce seedlings due to pine weevil could be reduced to below 10% in Sweden (Petersson 2004).7

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Ireland

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Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing FungusMetarhizium was not effective enough at it's current dose. More work (nematodes & fungi) runs 2010-2013

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Ongoing research

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Agrilus planipennis, Emerald ash borer)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Alternative Strategy: The fungus Beauveria bassiana has been found to be highly virulent against A. planipennis, and demonstrated lethal effects in greenhouse and field trials when applied on emerging adults and larvae (Liu and Bauer, 2008a). Foliar and trunk applications in the field were also able to significantly reduce populations of A. planipennis both at newly colonised ash sites and at sites with established pest populations (Liu and Bauer, 2008b).

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: No

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Ireland

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Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing nematodes have been used for decades in horticulture, but their use in forestry is relatively new. In small-scale trials, when nematodes were applied to stumps 12-24 months after felling, the number of adult H. abietis emerging from nematode-treated stumps was significantly reduced (Dillon et al., 2006, 2007). Based on those, and other trials, the recommended rate of application for pine weevil control is 3.5 million nematodes per stump, applied in 0.5 L of water.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

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Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Sweden

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Alternative Strategy: A new method for the physical protection of conifer seedlings against feeding damage by Hylobius abietis, is described and evaluated in field trials in Swedish forest plantations Nordlander et al (2009)5. A mixture of fine sand and a 'glue' dispersion is used to protect the seedlings:The lower 60% of the stem of the seedling is protected by the Conniflex coating, consisting of fine sand (grain size = 0.2 mm) embedded in an acrylate dispersion that remains flexible after drying.Seedlings are treated in the nursery by a large-scale application procedure involving four steps: (i) spraying the seedlings with water; (ii) application of fixative to the lower sections of the stems, (iii) application of fine sand to the fixative; and (iv) drying of the fixative.A field experiment over three seasons demonstrated a significant increase in survival.for coated seedlings compared with untreated seedlings. The survival rate increased from 29% to 97% for Scots pine and from 26% to 86% for Norway spruce. Coating the lower 30% of the stem (instead of 60%) provided inferior protection, resulting in only 64% survival in spruce.Field trials in 11 commercial plantation areas indicated that the Conniflex sand coating was as effective in protecting seedlings as treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid.The new method of coating conifer seedlings with fine sand provides an effective and environmentally sound alternative to insecticide treatment.Successful protection was also showed using wax coating (Watson 1999)6, and latex coating (Shtykova et al. 2008)7.

Alternative Method: Reduction

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Specific strategy

Pest Type: Insect

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Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)

Author(s):

Publication Year: 2014

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Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals

Regions: Northern Europe, Europe

Countries: Sweden

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Alternative Strategy: Breeding parasite resistance in Populus. Enhancing the defence of conifer seedlings Emission of volatiles from conifer seedlings. The aim is to identify attractants and repellents for the pine weevil.

Alternative Method: Removal

Active Ingredient:

Alternative Trial: Yes

Alternative Type: Ongoing research

Pest Type: Insect

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