Pesticides Alternatives

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https://open.fsc.org/handle/resource/1138
It is part of FSC’s Pest Management Policy to support derogation holders to phase out the use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). To do so, FSC has implemented a database in which interested stakeholders will find alternative strategies/practices/products that have previously been implemented by forest managers. These alternatives have been selected following the 3R principle: Reduction, Replacement, Removal with the ultimate objective of abandoning the use of HHPs.

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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus and Insect (Amylostereum areolatum, Sirex wasp)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with wood wasps of the genus Sirex. Control strategies therefore need to address both the fungus and they symbiotic wasp.The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (= Deladenus) siricidicola, discovered in New Zealand and later found in Europe lives in and feeds on A. areolatum colonies in trees and also infects Sirex larvae and female wasps. Because it has a separate cycle of growth and reproduction based on fungus feeding, it can cause a greater reduction in wasp numbers. The nematode can be raised in cultures of the fungus and injected into trees for effective control of the wasp (Bedding, 1995). B. siricidicola is currently under evaluation for use in the USA (Williams and Mastro, 2009.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus, Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Competing woody weeds at year 1)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: On suitable sites (usually high rainfall locations) - oversow with grasses to out compete the emerging woody weeds then use lower chemical volume to control grass around the tree
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Megaplatypus mutatus, Ambrosia beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: González Audino et al. (2005) identified the male M. mutatus sex pheromones, which are being tested with various traps to examine their efficacy at attracting females in the field. These would be useful in monitoring population peaks (OEPP/EPPO, 2009).
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: an adjuvant operates by degrading the outer waxy cuticle on the surface of the leaf and therefore allow greater penetration of herbicide such as Glyphosate into the leaf foliage. The adjuvant will be most effective when dessicating some species that are known to be resistant to either Glyphosate or Metsulfuron because of an impenetrable (thick layer of wax) leaf surface. This has effectively replaced the use of Oxyflurfen.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: Canada
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    Alternative Strategy: Study the regeneration of Ontario Boreal Mixedwoods: Effects of Herbaceous Vegetation Control and Aspen Stem Density on Boreal Mixedwood Stand Development
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: Canada
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    Alternative Strategy: Improved targetting of herbicide when applied with aircraft in a forestry application for conifer release and chemical site preparation
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Heteronychus arator, African black beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Using a mesh bag around the root ball and lower stem of the seedling at planting as a barrier to grazing insects 100% control was acheived at a lower cost.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Pueraria montana, Kudzu)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: Boyette et al. (2001,2002) tested Myrothecium verrucaria, as a biological control agent for kudzu. The USDA-ARS biological control team showed that M. verrucaria applied at a high spore rate of 2x108 conidia/ml caused greater than 90% mortality of both young and old kudzu seedlings. They also determined that the disease severity increased with an increase in temperature to 30-40°C, suggesting that this mycoherbicide could be very active in the summer in the southern USA. The virulence of M. verrucaria against kudzu was increased in formulation with an organosilicon surfactant to cause 100% mortality of kudzu in the greenhouse and in the field 2 weeks after spraying at a rate of 2x107. As fungal activity requires the surfactant, the risk of the fungus spreading beyond the sprayed field is minimal.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Fungus (Heterobasidion annosum)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: The adoption by the Forestry Commission in the 1960s of the non-pathogenic wood-rotting fungus Phlebiopsis (previously Peniophora) gigantea, now used under the name 'PG Suspension', for the treatment of pine stumps to prevent colonisation by Heterobasidion annosum, was a pioneering move that has been followed by other countries
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: Canada
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    Alternative Strategy: Study how large quick growing conifer planting stock will naturally compete with onsite vegetation without herbicides
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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