Pesticides Alternatives

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https://open.fsc.org/handle/resource/1138
It is part of FSC’s Pest Management Policy to support derogation holders to phase out the use of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). To do so, FSC has implemented a database in which interested stakeholders will find alternative strategies/practices/products that have previously been implemented by forest managers. These alternatives have been selected following the 3R principle: Reduction, Replacement, Removal with the ultimate objective of abandoning the use of HHPs.

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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Trialled a reduction in the width of pre-plant weed control swathe from 2 m to 1.5 m or 1 m. Smaller swathe widths were found to give inferior weed control
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Cultivation (ploughing): Site cultivation can improve growth conditions by disturbance of existing pest plants, cultivation of the soil and compaction relief. However it does not avoid herbicide use as cultivation also stimulates competing weed vegetation. Used in combination with an appropriate herbicide application, site cultivation can reduce the number of herbicide applications required.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Stump removalIn 2012-2013 Coillte will investigate the extent to which stump removal impacts on Hylobius populations. Stump harvesting is currently being trialled in a number of European countries as a means of recovering biomass for fuel energy. It has been suggested that, as the removal of stumps reduces the availability of breeding sites for Hylobius, it may reduce Hylobius feeding damage on restocking sites (Egnell et al., 2007). Even if this is the case, stump harvesting could only ever be used on a small number of sites, given the potential environmental risks associated with harvesting stumps on unsuitable/nutrient poor sites (Moffatt et al., 2011).
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Sweden
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    Alternative Strategy: Combining a shelterwood system with scarification and feeding barriers, the mortality of spruce seedlings due to pine weevil could be reduced to below 10% in Sweden (Petersson 2004).7
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing FungusMetarhizium was not effective enough at it's current dose. More work (nematodes & fungi) runs 2010-2013
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing nematodes have been used for decades in horticulture, but their use in forestry is relatively new. In small-scale trials, when nematodes were applied to stumps 12-24 months after felling, the number of adult H. abietis emerging from nematode-treated stumps was significantly reduced (Dillon et al., 2006, 2007). Based on those, and other trials, the recommended rate of application for pine weevil control is 3.5 million nematodes per stump, applied in 0.5 L of water.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction, Removal of Weed
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Elders Forestry has piloted a system of taking harvest residues deposited at harvest landings after in field chip operations and mulching and re-distributing them across the site to provide a mulched layer which returns nutrients in harvest residues back to the site. This will dramatically reduce the fertiliser requirements for 2R plantations which currently require large inputs of chemical fertiliser to remain productive.
    Alternative Method: Reduction, Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Sweden
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    Alternative Strategy: A new method for the physical protection of conifer seedlings against feeding damage by Hylobius abietis, is described and evaluated in field trials in Swedish forest plantations Nordlander et al (2009)5. A mixture of fine sand and a 'glue' dispersion is used to protect the seedlings:The lower 60% of the stem of the seedling is protected by the Conniflex coating, consisting of fine sand (grain size = 0.2 mm) embedded in an acrylate dispersion that remains flexible after drying.Seedlings are treated in the nursery by a large-scale application procedure involving four steps: (i) spraying the seedlings with water; (ii) application of fixative to the lower sections of the stems, (iii) application of fine sand to the fixative; and (iv) drying of the fixative.A field experiment over three seasons demonstrated a significant increase in survival.for coated seedlings compared with untreated seedlings. The survival rate increased from 29% to 97% for Scots pine and from 26% to 86% for Norway spruce. Coating the lower 30% of the stem (instead of 60%) provided inferior protection, resulting in only 64% survival in spruce.Field trials in 11 commercial plantation areas indicated that the Conniflex sand coating was as effective in protecting seedlings as treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid.The new method of coating conifer seedlings with fine sand provides an effective and environmentally sound alternative to insecticide treatment.Successful protection was also showed using wax coating (Watson 1999)6, and latex coating (Shtykova et al. 2008)7.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: A pre-emergent screening trial on second rotation sites to test efficacy of traditional first rotation herbicide prescriptions found the most effective prescription was the combination of simazine and mesotrione which allows for a 50% reduction in the use of simazine and give superior control of the predominantly broadleaved weeds found on 2R sites. Eucmix, containing no simazine also gave good control but is not suitable for all soil types.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Weeds which compete with Blue Gums at establishment)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Trialled 'scalping' physical removal of suface 10 cm of soil for 50 cm on either side of the planting line as an alternative to chemical weed control. Weeds encroached rapidly from unscalped edges, in some areas resluted in erosion, restricited growth due to removal of surface organic layer containing most soil available nutrients
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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