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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus and Insect (Amylostereum areolatum, Sirex wasp)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with wood wasps of the genus Sirex. Control strategies therefore need to address both the fungus and they symbiotic wasp.The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (= Deladenus) siricidicola, discovered in New Zealand and later found in Europe lives in and feeds on A. areolatum colonies in trees and also infects Sirex larvae and female wasps. Because it has a separate cycle of growth and reproduction based on fungus feeding, it can cause a greater reduction in wasp numbers. The nematode can be raised in cultures of the fungus and injected into trees for effective control of the wasp (Bedding, 1995). B. siricidicola is currently under evaluation for use in the USA (Williams and Mastro, 2009.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus, Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: an adjuvant operates by degrading the outer waxy cuticle on the surface of the leaf and therefore allow greater penetration of herbicide such as Glyphosate into the leaf foliage. The adjuvant will be most effective when dessicating some species that are known to be resistant to either Glyphosate or Metsulfuron because of an impenetrable (thick layer of wax) leaf surface. This has effectively replaced the use of Oxyflurfen.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed (Weeds include a range of annual and perennial grasses and broadleaved weeds, germinating broadleaved weeds and exotic scrub species such as gorse, broom, buddleia and grasses.)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: Chemicals Applied in Non-Liquid Form. Timberlands Limited now purchase a hexazinone and terbuthylazine mix in granular form. This reduces the risks from spillage when transporting and storing. There is also less waste residue. The production of the granular formulation was as a direct request to the pesticide manufacturer from Timberlands Limited to minimise environmental risk.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds include a range of annual and perennial grasses and broadleaved weeds, germinating broadleaved weeds and exotic scrub species such as gorse, broom, buddleia and grasses.)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: Specifically Designed Nozzle Applicators. Timberlands Limited's spray applicator uses nozzles specially designed to minimise drift and maximise the effectiveness of the application, therefore reducing risk and minimising the active ingredient required.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Animal (Possum, Browsing mammals)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: In New Zealand, significant progress towards a bait-delivered contraceptive vaccine for possums is expected within the near future. The system of delivery still poses some challenges and immigration of fertile animals from non-treated areas may compensate for treatment effects. Population models indicated that fertility control can be effective where population reduction does not have to be as rapid as lethal techniques, or where the objective is to maintain a population at low levels established previously with exclusion or lethal techniques. Fertility control is not likely to be useful for short-term, localized management of browsing damage, e.g. during the establishment phase
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Animal
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Animal (Possum)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: Oral poison based upon Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol). In a larger trial (on 100 ha) it reduced brushtail possum, (an invasive species) by 93.7%, mice by 100%, and rat numbers by 95.5%. A lower content of cholecalciferol (0.4%) was as effective as 0.8%, which reduces costs. However, there are some palatability problems and degradation can reduce effectiveness in damp weather. Cholecalciferol can be applied in a gel bait to prevent the chemical from getting wet. It is also relatively expensive .
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Animal
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